Why Tokenization Of Data Is The Next Big Thing – A Legal Perspective

Introduction

In our digital economy, data has emerged as one of the most valuable assets, driving decision-making, innovation, and economic growth. Despite this, issues surrounding data ownership, security, and monetization do present significant legal challenges. Tokenization of data, the process of converting data right into digital tokens on a blockchain, offers a transformative solution. Hence, it is necessary to explore the tokenization of data, its benefits, unique aspects, and the legal considerations involved.

Why Data is Valuable

Data has grown in its economic significance, as it powers artificial intelligence, enhances business strategies, and influences financial markets. The ability to collect, store, and analyse data has created industries dedicated to its exchange and utilisation. However, data ownership and privacy concerns, coupled with increasing regulatory scrutiny, require innovative solutions to ensure secure and transparent data transactions. Tokenization addresses these challenges by creating digital representations of data that can be security shared and traded.

What Type of Data Can Be Tokenized?

Tokenization applies to various types of data, including but not limited to:

1. Personal Data: Identity information, medical records, and social media activity.
2. Financial Data: Banking details, transaction histories, and credit scores.
3. Corporate Data: Trade secrets, intellectual property, and supply chain information.
4. Internet of Things (IoT) and Sensor Data: Data from smart devices, vehicles, and industrial machines.
5. Media and Digital Content: Music, videos, articles, and other digital assets.

Each category requires a specific legal approach to ensure regulatory compliance and enforceable data rights.

What is the Tokenization of Data?

The Tokenization of data involves creating a digital token that represents ownership, access rights, or control over specific data sets. These tokens exist on a blockchain and can be programmed with smart contracts to enforce specific conditions, including restricted access or compliance with privacy laws. Unlike traditional databases, where data is stored centrally, tokenized data allows for decentralised access control, making it more secure and auditable.

According to recent studies, the tokenized market capitalisation could reach an estimated USD $2 Trillion by 2030. Companies across different industries, including finance, healthcare, and digital media, are actively exploring tokenized data applications to enhance security and monetize their information assets.

The Value of Tokenizing Data & Benefits for Investors

Tokenization offers numerous advantages, including:

1. Increased liquiditybecause tokenized data can be fractionally owned and traded, creating new financial opportunities. For instance, medical research institutions can tokenize anonymized patient data, allowing secure access while maintaining privacy compliance.
2. Enhanced securitythrough blockchain encryption, restricting unauthorized access and reducing risks of data breaches, which cost companies an average of USD $4.45 Million per breach.
3. Monetisation opportunitiesfor individuals and businesses who can earn revenue by granting access to tokenized data. The global data monetisation market is expected to reach USD $6.1 billion in 2025, highlighting the growth potential in this space.
4. Regulatory compliance; Smart contracts ensure transactions adhere to data protection laws like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), minimizing legal risks.

What is Unique about the Tokenization of Data?

Tokenizing data differs from traditional asset tokenization in several key ways, including access and ownership, legal complexity, decentralised marketplaces, etc.

Unlike physical assets, tokenized data does not always involve ownership transfer. Instead, it allows controlled access rights, meaning companies can monetize data while retaining full control. Also, data tokenization must comply with multiple privacy laws and jurisdictional regulations. For example, tokenized personal data must align with GDPR's strict requirements for processing and consent. Finally, tokenization enables peer-to-peer data sharing without intermediaries, empowering data owners to retain control while fostering transparency and accountability.

Legal Steps in Tokenization of Data

To ensure the legality of data tokenization, the following several key steps are required:

1. Determining data classification and ownership rights, as misclassification of data can lead to regulatory fines or legal disputes.
2. Adherence to global data protection laws, like the EU's GDPR and the US's California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Failure to comply may result in fines of up to 4% of annual global turnover under the GDPR.
3. Embedding of legal conditions into smart contracts to enforce access controls and compliance, ensuring contractual obligations are automatically executed.
4. Implementation of encryption, zero-knowledge proofs, and privacy-preserving techniques to protect sensitive data and mitigate cyber threats.
5. Legal documentation outlining data rights, licensing terms, and dispute resolution mechanisms.

The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.